The European Union’s twin transition (advancing digital and sustainable transformation in parallel) depends on a workforce that integrates both skill sets. As green skills expand beyond traditionally “green” roles, demand is rising rapidly, including in fields such as AI and data science, where sustainability-related expertise is increasingly valued.

This study applies the ESCO's taxonomy to analyse Europe’s AI workforce. Using ESCO’s 604 green skills, competences, and knowledge concepts, the research highlights how green capabilities are distributed across AI professionals. Despite its stronger focus on primary sectors, ESCO provides a comprehensive, multilingual, and internationally aligned framework, also linked to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), making it well suited for cross-European analysis.

Findings indicate that only around one-third of Europe’s AI workforce demonstrates significant green expertise, defined as possessing at least five ESCO green skills. This talent is concentrated in major hubs such as London, Paris, and Berlin, as well as in countries with more advanced green economies, including the Nordics. Gender disparities persist, with women underrepresented in the green AI workforce.

The research highlights the importance of ESCO as a tool for identifying skill gaps and concentrations. Strengthening workforce planning and targeted training will be essential for enabling the EU to meet its climate and innovation goals, particularly as the expansion of AI systems increases pressure on energy systems and sustainability outcomes.

Read the full study: "Who Powers Europe’s Twin Transition?"

This article contributes to the broader collection of external ESCO publications, showcasing the use of ESCO within various methodologies or its presentation in both European and International contexts. As ESCO becomes increasingly used in applications and research projects across Europe and beyond, it is valuable to collect such sources and share best practices by diverse stakeholders. Therefore, this collection of external publications strengthens the exchange of knowledge within the ESCO community and can contribute to mutual learning in the field of skills, occupations and qualifications among European and international actors. If you are interested in sharing your publication, please write to EMPL-ESCO-SECRETARIAT@ec.europa.eu